Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother-child bonding. PND also has negative effects on early mother-infant relationships and child development [ 6 Moehler E, Brunner R, Wiebel A, Reck C, Resch F. Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. For example, the prevalence of perinatal women who have thoughts of self-harm is 5–14%, and the prevalence of suicides as the cause of women’s death within one year after childbirth reaches 20% [ 5 Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L. PND is a mental health issue for both women and their children. Multicentre prospective study of perinatal depression in Japan: Incidence and correlates of antenatal and postnatal depression. ] worldwide and, in Japan, it is approximately 5% [ 4 Kitamura T, Yoshida K, Okano T, et al. Rates and risk of postpartum depression-a meta-analysis. Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Its prevalence is approximately 13% [ 2 Beck CT. Postnatal depression (PND) is a depressive disorder for which onset is within one month after childbirth.
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